Essay on Leadership Reflections Aspects of Dysfunctional...

Leadership Reflections: Aspects of Dysfunctional Leadership Based on assigned readings (ORG515 Module 3), this journal entry reflects on three prevalent forms of dysfunctional leadership (Vecchio, 2007) that potentially impact the author’s effectiveness as a leader – groupthink, aversive behavior, and destructive narcissism. Proceeding from a definitional overview, the discussion identifies aspects of these dysfunctional behaviors that are relevant to the author. This entry then considers appropriate remedial actions, including consideration of the relative effectiveness of a study partner’s strategies, for ameliorating deficiencies in the author’s leadership behaviors. Definitional Overview of Dysfunctional Behaviors Groupthink,†¦show more content†¦The underlying causes of groupthink arise from the psychological need of group members to maintain â€Å"self-esteem and emotional equanimity† during times of stressful decision making (Janis, 2007, p. 166). Aversive Behavior Similar to groupthink, aversive leadership behaviors also emerge in response to interpersonal and organizational stress. Pearce and Sims (Thoroughgood et al., 2010) define aversive leadership as â€Å". . . a brand of management relying on coercive power through specific use of intimidation tactics and reprimands† (p. 648). Such tyrannical and abusive behaviors destroy leader-member trust, which results in diminished performance, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors of followers (Bligh, Kohles, Pearce, Justin, Stovall, 2007). Aversive leadership often arises from the mutual reinforcement of biased perceptions of both follower and leader intent (Harvey et al., 2006; Hogan Hogan, 2001) – a process somewhat analogous to the realization of negative self-fulfilling prophecies (Vecchio, 2007). Destructive Narcissism However, unlike groupthink and aversive behaviors, which depend on the exercise of power in social interactions with others, destructive narcissistic behaviors arise from within the construct of a leader’s individual personality traits (Maccoby, 2004; Rosenthal Pittinksy, 2006). According to Rosenthal and Pittinksy (2006), â€Å"Narcissistic leadership occurs when leaders’ actions are principallyShow MoreRelatedOvercoming The Dark Side Of Leadership By Gary L. Mcintosh And Samuel D. Rima1271 Words   |  6 Pages I was asked to write and submit a 4-6 page book summary of the text â€Å"Overcoming the Dark Side of Leadership† by Gary L. McIntosh and Samuel D. Rima. This book report should summarize the basic purpose of the book, the most important leadership principles contained, and the student’s evaluation of the book’s strengths and weaknesses. 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The Problem Of Personality Psychology Essay - 2390 Words

What is personality? This is the question that we have been posing this whole semester. The textbook states personality psychology is, â€Å"the scientific study of what makes us who we are† (Miserandio, 2012, p.3). Therefore, if that is the case then personality is what makes us who who we are. How we find our own personality takes a lot of work and a lot of soul searching. I know for myself, I cannot judge my personality only from the Five Factor Model (FFM). Yes, the FFM is a good predicament of our personality, but it does not further explain why we get such scores. What I mean by this, is that we have to look at religion, culture, gender, nature vs. nurture, our self-concept, our locus of control, and how we become motivated. Even this list, is very small in comparison to how we should evaluate and discover our own personality. Personality is a very complex concept, and this is why it is very hard to accurately depict a person’s personality with just a few things. 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The Change Management Functions of Organizations

Question: Describe about The Change Management for Functions of Organizations. Answer: Introduction The leadership is one of the important functions of the organizations (Goethals et al. 2014). It is concerned with the creation of a compelling vision, motivation of the people, management of the delivery of the predetermined mission and coaching of the team. The followers should be motivated so that they are instrumental in the process of achievement of the mission. The assessment 1 would discuss the action plan prepared for the purpose of implementation of the change strategy in the organization. The communication plan is discussed along with a focus on the leadership style. It would also focus on the budget after consulting with the CEO. The assessment 3 would discuss the lead team workshop performed with the managers. The assessment 4 would discuss the professional development plan along with the identified activities in the plan. Assessment 2 Current scenario Max Lionel was founded in the year 2008 and has an employee base of 100 people out of which there are 80 people who have license for doing their real estate job. The organization plans to implement an organizational change strategy after consulting with various stakeholders. It would take into consideration all the factors for the purpose of the implementation of the change strategy. Action Plan The action plan should be developed based on the sustainability goals of the organization. It is also important to identify the possible linkages between the activities, resources and the outcomes. The successful implementation of the strategy for changes requires an effective action plan. The main components of the action plan are discussed below- Support for Change- It is important for the management to demonstrate support for the required changes and the necessary reasons for the change should be identified. Employee Involvement- It is important for the employees to be involvedin the change management process and there should be active participation of them (Harmon 2014). Communication of the Change- The changes should be systematic and structured. A proactive approach should be undertaken for minimizing the degree of resistances from the employees (Harmon 2014). Actual implementation- It is important for the planned change system to implement in the organization. There should be a timeline for the purpose of change management implementation (Huy Corley and Kraatz2014). A logical implementation process should be followed. Removal of possible barriers- There can be a lot of barriers during the implementation of changes such as employees resistance to change, process obstacles, lack of coordination from the top management and others (Hayes 2014). Evaluation- The changes should be evaluated and check whether the actions plan fulfilled its pre-determined objectives. Item Milestone Responsibility Support for Change Employee readiness Middle management Employee Involvement Participation in Decision making Middle management Communication of the Change Selection of communication tools Change Manager Actual implementation Timeline Change Agent Removal of possible barriers Removal of barriers Middle Management Evaluation Conform with objectives Change Manager Fig: Action Plan Source: Created by author Budget One of the most important budget considerations for Max Lionel is the formulation of a budget proposal. There are a number of budgetary parameters involved such as budget at the project level and budget at the organizational level(Hope and Fraser 2013). The impacts of theproject level are concerned with the specific project initiatives and can be impact tools, processes, job roles, reporting structures and others. The associated costs can be costs of project delays, missed milestones, budget overruns, required rework and others. The organizational level costs may be present beyond the project life cycle(Hope and Fraser 2013). The various costs associated at the organizational level include productivity plunges, loss of talented manpower, reduced work quality and others(Hope and Fraser 2013). The budget for this project is illustrated below- Budget Parameters Cost (in $) Description Human Resource 1500 Compensation to employees Promotions 4000 Marketing tools Training 3200 Coaching for staffs Communication Methods 800 Face to face, intranet, newsletter Evaluation tools 700 Surveillance tools TOTAL 12,000 Fig: Budget for Change Management Process Source: Created by Author Communication Plan A communication plan is essential that display the methods of communication in the change management process. The formulation of communication plan comprises of number of steps such as awareness, understanding, positive perception, pilot implementation, adoption and institutionalism(Cornelissen 2014). The face to face communication is one of the most effective communication methods in the event of change management process (Cornelissen 2014). The senders are required to send appropriate messages to the employees regarding the change process. The other modes of communication include newsletters, brainstorming exercises, presentations, intranet and others (Whitaker 2016). A combination of these communication channels should be used for the creation of maximum impact. The following is a communication plan that can be used for this purpose- Stakeholders Communication Method Frequency Responsibility CEO Face to face meeting Start of Project Milestones, Value indicators, Key issues Development Team Face to face/Intranet Weekly Project Schedule, Change requests, Key entities Client Sponsor Newsletter Weekly Review status, Change request log Employees Email Fortnightly Progress of change management Fig: Communication Plan Source: Created by Author Planning Leadership is an integral part of the change management and it is one of the top priorities of the companies (Kerzner2013). The involvement of true leadership inspires the followers to achieve the organizational objectives and which is above the cultural expectations. The managers should involve in the removal of possible obstacles in the path of change management. Change usually involves a deviation from the regular norms and behaviors(Kerzner 2013). The leaders should foster positive behaviors regarding the proposed change process. The project shouldhave a proper plan for the purpose of maximum effectiveness. The first and the foremost tasks is deciding the kind of system that would be required in the organization. The customer perspective and the process perspective should be taken into consideration before formulating the final plan. The capacity of learning, growth of the particular strategy should be considered before implementing the same. The change management plan shouldsatisfy the organizational as well as legal requirements (Cummings and Worley 2014). The documentation of the plan should be as per the legal guidelines of the organization and the specific country of operation. The regulatory developments should be tracked and the compliances should be followed in order to make the change management plan successful(Cummings and Worley 2014). The real-time reports should be aggregated into specific dashboards so that the senior management gets an idea regarding the change process. The regulatory requirements should be adhered for ensuring zero obstacles in the change management process. The different modes of communication should be used for the purpose of disseminating information regarding the change process (Garvey 2014). The actual implementation is also dependant on the adoption of correct communication channels. The CEO would engage in face to face communication with the team members. The development team would use the company intranet as well as face to face meetings with the other stakeholders. The client sponsors may use a weekly newsletter for the purpose of reviewing the status of the change project(Garvey 2014). The use of email is also important for the purpose of creating effective communication. The organizational change management plan must address the associated risks with the change management process (Cummings and Worley 2014). There can be various forms of risks such as corrupted information, destruction of vital facts, degraded computer performance, resignation of the key persons in the organization, loss of productivity and any reputational risks. Another major risk is the resistance to change when the employees are reluctant to adopt any new process or system in the organization. It is important to formulate a risk mitigation plan aimed for minimizing these risks that could act as barriers in the change process. Consultation with managers The departmental heads, production head, human resource managers, strategic advisors and all other stakeholders must be consulted during the formulation of the change management plan. The departmental managers should be consulted and the plan should be shared with them. Their feedback as well as any necessary suggestions should be incorporated into the plan. It is important to demonstrate transformational leadership, in which the leaders would be the ones to initiate the process of change in the organization (Avolio and Yammarino2013). They would motivate the fellow employees so that they can meet the challenging expectations and result in the high performance. It is also important to foster ethical behavior in the team and follow honest means to achieve the organizational objectives. Revision of the Plan The plan is revised and some necessary changes have been incorporated. An ethics charter is developed which is based on the Real Estate Institute of Victoria (REIV) Code of Conduct. The agents were encouraged to use the Charter by making necessary amendments. The training of the agents and the managers would be based on the rules laid down by the Charter and the ethical responsibilities. Assessment 3 Agenda for workshop It is important to develop major activities that would be undertaken in the workshop. There would be adequate time so that managers can be involved in fostering training for the agents. The following chart shows the agenda for the workshop- Role Name Responsibility Duration CEO Max Lionel Share the strategic directions 2 hour Chief Financial Officer RizMehra Budgets for the projects 2 hours Operations General Manager Kim Sweeney Operational issues identification 1 hour Human Resource Manager Les Goodale Production Capacity 1 hour Manager, Residential Realty Sam Lee Activities of residential agents 1 hour Manager, Investments Peter Mitchell Activities of investment agents 1 hour Fig: Agenda for workshop Source: Created by author The agenda for the workshop should be followed with close attention to the time frames. The key persons should drive the workshop along with the designated time limits. This would ensure sufficient time for the practical training of the agents by the concerned managers. Lead Time Workshop The lead time workshop is an important part of the change implementation plan. It is important to ensure the effective training of the agents so that they would be able to deliver the desired performance. The objective of the training workshop is to improve the quality of the human resources by making them aware of their job responsibilities so that they can fulfill their work objectives. It is important to cover all the important aspects of the major tasks in the workshops. The managers should be assigned roles based on their areas of expertise and the departments with whom they are attached in the organization. It is also important to ensure that the agents involve in ethical behavior when dealing with the change management process. They should not adopt unethical practices for the purpose of achieving the organizational objectives. The transformational leadership as well as charismatic leadership would be used by the managers in which the charismatic leader would help in the chang e management of the organization (Muenjohn 2015). He would inspire the employees by convincing them the change process would be beneficial to them. The organizational legislations concerning the change management is an integral component of the lead time workshop. It is important to identify the laws governing the jurisdictions and the business lines. There should be brainstorming ideas that underlines the methods for the delivery of effective training(Mercier-Laurent 2015). Everyone should give their feedback regarding training tools such as presentation, role plays, templates, samples, brochures and others. It is important to implement innovative training methodssuch as fish bone diagrams, storytelling, 3D technology, social networking games and others (Mercier-Laurent 2015). These tools would make the employees learn important concepts in an interesting manner. A combination of the training approaches should be used for the purpose of maximum impact. A budget of $3200 would be used for training purpose. The training manager should take notes during the workshops in order to check the number of people participated. It is also important to evaluate the effectiveness of the training content. Ethics Charter The Ethics Charter must be prepared according to the Real Estate Institute of Victoria Code of Conduct and must be communicated to all the stakeholders (Reiv.com.au 2016). The Ethics Charter is formulated as described below- Ethics Charter Real estate agency practice should be encouraged in a good manner. A member should represent themselves as agents only if they have the authorities for doing so. The members should act fairly as well as honestly in their professional endeavors. The supervision of the employees is important by the controller of the agency and check their compliance with the laid down legislations. The members must verify all the information before the execution of any contract (sales or lease) The agents must advice the clients regarding the present market price of the real estate properties. The agents should refrain from disclosing confidential information related with the customers. The members are prohibited to accept any forms of commission from the clients regarding the services offered The agents are supposed to inform the owner in the event there is a breach of the tenancy agreement. Fig: Ethics Charter Source: Created by Author The training manager should also pay attention to the Work Health and Safety Policy (WHS) for the well-being of the employees. The senior management should engage in active as well as visible leadership by giving adequate attention to the WHS policies. They should also engage in safety planning and monitor compliance with respect to safety guidelines. Adequate attention should be given to risk management plans. Training should be provided based on the incident as well as hazard reporting. A section of the Ethics Charter should essentially contain the WHS guidelines. Training for Managers The managers should be trained in the ethics charter and the WHS rules. They should gain in depth knowledge so that they can train the agents. The managers would be responsible for the planning and delivery of training to the individuals. It is also important to analyze the competency of the individual as well as measure the effectiveness of the training program. The training objectives should be made clear to the agents. The ethics objectives may include the identification of relevant legislations, nondiscriminatory manner of acting, follow of Ethics Charter and others. The performance management of the agents must be done regularly which would evaluate their ability to meet the organizational objectives. Assessment 4 This task involved the transformational leadership in which there is mutual coordination between the leader and the followers so that they can identify the change required in the organization (Van Knippenberg and Sitkin 2013). The transformational leader aims at creating vision for the followers in order to guide the change process in the organization. The leaders are responsible for planning, executing, motivating and implementing the change process which would be beneficial for the organization. The professional development plan (PD) is important for every person (King 2014). The goal setting is the basic criterion for setting out the professional development plan. It is important to set the goals first and then devise a professional development plan. My short term goals include the improvement of my skills and knowledge related to my professional field. I am aware of the fact that for any job role, the person should have in-depth knowledge of the subject area. My long term professional goals include that I want to reach a responsible position in which I would get sufficient professional exposure. My short term personal goal also includes the practical exposure to a job skill as I know that in the modern day job world, the employers put huge importance on the practical aspects of a job. It is not only important to gain a degree from the top universities but gain practical work experience. My long term personal goals include that I wish to improve my leadership capabilities a s I believe that I have the qualities to be a successful leader. Leadership cannot be taught in any university, it can be gained only through practical experience. My long term professional goals include demonstrating my leadership capabilities in a large organization with minimum employee strength of 1000. Name Date of Development Date to be reviewed Discussed with mentor Discussed with manager GOALS Timeframe Personal Goals Professional Goals Next 12 months Enhance my knowledge and skills Reach responsible position Practical exposure to job skill Be middle level manager Next 5 years Improve my leadership skills Leader of a team with size 1000 Fig: Professional Development Plan Source: Created by author It is also important to focus on the three important aspects such as training, professional development and networking. The third parties such as superiors, managers, trainers, industry peers and others are consulted for the verification of the participation purpose. The following table gives a clear idea regarding the same- Identified Gap Development activity Objective Timeframe Cost Skills gap Workshop Enhance Skills 4 months $2000 Knowledge gap Operational manual Enhance knowledge 2 months $ 1800 Communication Gap Practice effective interaction Be fluent communicator 1 month $ 500 Unable to influence groups Watch successful leaders perform Be good influencer 5 months $ 100 Fig: Professional Development and Networking activities Source: Created by Author Conclusion Leadership is one of the most important tasks of the management in which it is important to be a transformational leader in order to foster an environment of change in the organization. It is important to aim for excellent human resources by proving them sufficient training. The various aspects of a change process are discussed such as action plan, budget, communication plan, planning and others. The plan is being revised after consultation with the managers. The Ethics Charter as well as WHS responsibilities are prepared which should be communicated to all the employees. A professional development plan is being created which identifies the personal as well as professional goals of a leader. This report is aimed to provide adequate understanding regarding the change management process and the leadership skills required to sustain a change process. References Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Garvey, W.D., 2014.Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R. and Messick, D. eds., 2014.Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Harmon, P., 2014.Business process change. Morgan Kaufmann. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hope, J. and Fraser, R., 2013.Beyond budgeting: how managers can break free from the annual performance trap. Harvard Business Press. Huy, Q.N., Corley, K.G. and Kraatz, M.S., 2014. From support to mutiny: Shifting legitimacy judgments and emotional reactions impacting the implementation of radical change.Academy of Management Journal,57(6), pp.1650-1680. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. King, F., 2014. Evaluating the impact of teacher professional development: an evidence-based framework.Professional development in education,40(1), pp.89-111. Mercier-Laurent, E., 2015.The Innovation Biosphere: Planet and Brains in the Digital Era. John Wiley Sons. Muenjohn, N. (2015). Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Reiv.com.au. (2016).REIV - Real Estate Institute of Victoria. [online] Available at: https://www.reiv.com.au [Accessed 1 Nov. 2016]. Van Knippenberg, D. and Sitkin, S.B., 2013. A critical assessment of charismaticTransformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board?.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.1-60. Whitaker, S., 2016. Stakeholder Management. InPass the PMP Exam(pp. 445-474). Apress.

The Socialite club logo and brochure design

Introduction Most desktop publishing applications have a common design area with a toolbox that contains various tools like the shape, text, animation tools among others (Adobe Creative Team 2010; Cohen 2010). These tools are used together with texture and colour palettes to develop and colour publications. The designer can also choose from a set of themes that have consistent colour mixtures and patterns and accompanying font types, sizes and colours.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Socialite club logo and brochure design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Socialite club logo picture The Socialite club logo picture is shown below. Each element was created individually using the text, colour, and shaping tools from the Indesign palette. The text was aligned to curves and fitted into the circular shapes. After assembling the text and shapes into the desired logo design shown below the elements are then grouped together. The Socialite Club brochure was created using a c-fold type (Hadock et al. 2011). The screens shots below show the front and reverse sides of the brochure. The brochure paper size is A4 with a landscape orientation. Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Adobe Creative Team 2010, Adobe InDesign CS5 classroom in a book, Adobe Press, San Jose. Cohen, S 2010, InDesign CS5 for Macintosh and Windows: Visual QuickStart guide, Peachpit Press, Berkley. Hadock, S, Hicks, A, Barnum, A Oppen, F 2011, Graphic design Australian style manual, McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, Australia. This assessment on The Socialite club logo and brochure design was written and submitted by user Harper Holman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Americas Involvement in World War II

America's involvement in World War Two When war broke out , there was no way the world could possibly know the severity of this guerre. Fortunately one country saw and understood that Germany and its allies would have to be stopped. America's Involvement in World War two not only contributed in the eventual downfall of the insane Adolph Hitler and his Third Reich, but also came at the precise time and moment. Had the united states entered the war any earlier the consequences might have been worse. Over the years it has been an often heated and debated issue on whether the united states could have entered the war sooner and thus have saved many lives. To try to understand this we must look both at the people's and government's point of view. Just after war broke out in Europe, President Roosevelt hurriedly called his cabinet and military advisors together. There it was agreed that the United states stay neutral in these affairs. One of the reasons given was that unless America was dir ectly threatened they had no reason to be involved. This reason was a valid one because it was the American policy to stay neutral in any affairs not having to with them unless American soil was threatened directly. Thus the provisional neutrality act passed the senate by seventy-nine votes to two in 1935. On August 31, Roosevelt signed it into law. In 1936 the law was renewed, and in 1937 a "comprehensive and permanent" neutrality act was passed (Overy 259). The desire to avoid "foreign entanglements" of all kinds had been an American foreign policy for more than a century. A very real "geographical Isolation" permitted the United States to "fill up the empty lands of North America free from the threat of foreign conflict"(Churchill 563). Even if Roosevelt had wanted to do more in this European crisis (which he did not), there was a factor too often ignored by critics of American policy-American military weakness. When asked to evaluate how many troops were... Free Essays on America's Involvement in World War II Free Essays on America's Involvement in World War II America's involvement in World War Two When war broke out , there was no way the world could possibly know the severity of this guerre. Fortunately one country saw and understood that Germany and its allies would have to be stopped. America's Involvement in World War two not only contributed in the eventual downfall of the insane Adolph Hitler and his Third Reich, but also came at the precise time and moment. Had the united states entered the war any earlier the consequences might have been worse. Over the years it has been an often heated and debated issue on whether the united states could have entered the war sooner and thus have saved many lives. To try to understand this we must look both at the people's and government's point of view. Just after war broke out in Europe, President Roosevelt hurriedly called his cabinet and military advisors together. There it was agreed that the United states stay neutral in these affairs. One of the reasons given was that unless America was dir ectly threatened they had no reason to be involved. This reason was a valid one because it was the American policy to stay neutral in any affairs not having to with them unless American soil was threatened directly. Thus the provisional neutrality act passed the senate by seventy-nine votes to two in 1935. On August 31, Roosevelt signed it into law. In 1936 the law was renewed, and in 1937 a "comprehensive and permanent" neutrality act was passed (Overy 259). The desire to avoid "foreign entanglements" of all kinds had been an American foreign policy for more than a century. A very real "geographical Isolation" permitted the United States to "fill up the empty lands of North America free from the threat of foreign conflict"(Churchill 563). Even if Roosevelt had wanted to do more in this European crisis (which he did not), there was a factor too often ignored by critics of American policy-American military weakness. When asked to evaluate how many troops were...

Obama and the White House Christmas Tree Myth

Obama and the White House Christmas Tree Myth There are many vicious rumors about President Barack Obama and his religion. One such myth is that Obama is a closet Muslim. Another alleges Obama canceled the National Day of Prayer. See more: 5 Wacky Myths About Obama Heres one more oddball, and wrong, claim that makes the rounds at Christmastime: The Obamas did away with the traditional White House Christmas tree beginning in 2009 in favor of a secular holiday tree. Myth of the Obama Holiday Tree Spreads A widely circulated email reads, in part: We have a friend at church who is a very talented artist. For several years she, among many others, has painted ornaments to be hung on the various White House Christmas trees. The WH sends out an invitation to send an ornament and informs the artists of the theme for the year. She got her letter from the WH recently. It said that they would not be called Christmas trees this year. They will be called Holiday trees. And, to please not send any ornaments painted with a religious theme. The myth of the Obama holiday tree is just a bunch of holiday hooey. The origins of the email are unknown, and thus suspect. The White House has denied ever sending such a letter instructing artists not to send ornaments with religious themes. How the Obamas Refer to the Tree The Obamas themselves refer to the tree that adorns the White House Blue Room as a Christmas tree, not a holiday tree. First Lady Michelle Obama, speaking with the president on his weekly radio address on Dec. 24, 2009, made reference to the White House Christmas tree. This is our first Christmas in the White House, and we are so grateful for this extraordinary experience, Mrs. Obama said. Not far from here, in the Blue Room, is the official White House Christmas tree. Its an 18-foot tall Douglas-fir from West Virginia and its decorated with hundreds of ornaments designed by people and children from all over the country. Each one is a reminder of the traditions we cherish as Americans and the blessings were thankful for this holiday season. The official White House website, by the way, contains not a single reference to any holiday tree. And the National Christmas Tree Association, whose members have presented the official White House tree for the Blue Room since 1966, also calls it a Christmas tree, not a holiday tree. Its time for this holiday hoax to be nipped in the bud. True Facts About the White House Christmas Tree The White House Christmas Tree, not to be confused with the National Christmas Tree, is the official indoor Christmas tree at the White House. The National Christmas Tree is the much larger tree installed annualy on the Ellipse outside the White House. The â€Å"first† White House Christmas Tree is believed to have been installed by either President Franklin Pierce during the 1850s or by President Benjamin Harrison during the late 1880s. The tradition of the First Lady choosing a decorative theme for the tree began in 1961, when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy selected a Nutcracker motif. Earlier Christmas Controversies The Obama tree is far from the first White House Christmas to spark criticism. In 1899, the Chicago Daily Tribune urged President William McKinley to drop what the newspaper called the â€Å"Christmas tree habit,† in reference to backers of the â€Å"forestry fad† of the day, which had called the cutting of Christmas trees â€Å"arboreal infanticide.† Others called Christmas trees â€Å"un-American,† being a historically German tradition. In 1899, only one Christmas tree was placed inside the White House- in the kitchen for the maids. In 1969, at the height of the Cold War, President Richard Nixon’s choice of the atomic symbol rather than a traditional religious star as a White House tree topper drew harsh rebuke. In 1995, President Bill Clinton was criticized for â€Å"politicizing† the tree. The controversy surrounded an ornament that depicted two Christmas stockings, one marked â€Å"Bill† and one marked â€Å"Newt,† in reference to Democrat Clinton’s arch political rival, Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. The stocking marked â€Å"Bill† was filled with candy and gifts, while the one marked â€Å"Newt† was full of coal.

Critically evaluate the importance of the universal declaration of Essay

Critically evaluate the importance of the universal declaration of human rights in protecting human rights - Essay Example , academicians and human rights activists have continued to investigate and research into how the Universal Declarations of Human Rights have succeeded or being challenged in the protection of human rights at the universal level. Most often, there are differences in reportage in the successes and challenges of the UDHR but one crucial fact remains that there is potential in the existence of a common grounds under which issues of human rights can be viewed on a globalised perspective. This paper therefore delves into the discussion of the importance of the UDHR in protecting human rights by looking at certain central areas and aspects of universal human rights such as difficulty in defining human rights, ways of improving human rights at the global level and by use of continental conventions, improvements that have been recorded in the Middle East, Asia and African in terms of human rights, and finally the failure to observe universal standards. Difficult to Define what Human Rights a re According to the United Nations, the creation of the drafting and eventual adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was done with a notion that sought to identify a common universal code for defining human rights. This is why the phenomenon has a labelling of being universal.4 As a way of ensuring this, several steps were put in place, including the sampling of authors of the Declaration from different regions of the world, so as to be guaranteed that the text was going to â€Å"reflect these different cultural traditions and incorporate common values inherent in the world's principal legal systems and religious and philosophical traditions.†5 This way, it was expected that the Universal Declaration was going to be mutually consenting document and code that was going to help in the identification of key practices that constitute human rights protection and those that constitute abuses of human rights on a global scale. But not long after the declaration, sever al lapses were identified with the definition of what human rights are when taken from the context of cultural differences. In most literature6, human rights are said to be fundamental rights, rather than privileges that are accorded to every person by virtue of the fact that the person is a human being.7 Logically, this means that once a person is born, the fellow would not have to fulfil any processes or duties to qualify to enjoy human rights. Meanwhile, issues of cultural relativism promote the existence of cultural diversity in the world, which means that the fundamental provisions of different cultures must be allowed to be practiced.8 As part of cultural relativism, there is the issue of cultural integrity and diversity, which in itself is protected and enshrined by other United States provisions and declarations. For instance the respect of cultural integ

Baffin Region, Pond Inlet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baffin Region, Pond Inlet - Research Paper Example 1). The Atlas of Canada places its coordinates at 70 ° 18’ 46† North 112 ° 1’ 6† West. The Baffin Region forms part of Nunavut (OECD p. 26). The region, especially Baffin Island, was covered by ice about 10,000 years ago but ice began melting a thousand years later in the Gulf of Boothia and Hudson Strait , 7,000 years ago in the Foxe basin area and 5,000 years ago freed the entire island from ice except in the area between its two snowcaps. The first colonizers of the island were the Paleo-Eskimos and a good portion of it was deemed to have been part of the pre-Dorset and Dorset culture development. It was officially founded by Martin Frobisher in 1577-1578 but it was William Baffin who christened it with its present name in 1616 (Nutall 2004 p. 193). As of 2007, the Baffin Region had a population of 15,765 most of it settling in Iqaluit, the capital city of Nunavut. Baffin Region’s population constitutes more than half of the total population of Nunavut (see table 1) (Henderson 2007 pp. 25-26). It has 15 communities, most of which can be found in Table 1 with their respective population and Figure 1 (Henderson 2007 pp. 25-26). Of the total population 8,165 are males and 7,605 are females. The following is a breakdown of the population by age: 0-9 years old, 3405; 10-19 years old, 3295; 20-39 years old, 5150; 40-59 years old, 3245, and; 59 and above, 1295. Out of the total population only 295 persons are immigrants; 12,610 are aboriginals. There are a total of 4,405 private dwellings in the Region breakdown as follows: 910, owned; 3495, rented (Statistics Canada 2010). The Region forms part of the so-called Canadian or Davis Shield, a long expanse of bare, eroded length of land that extends from the south of Ellesmere Island southeastward to northern Labrador. This shield is characterized by a lack of surficial deposits, its length disrupted only by hill tops (Atlas of Canada 2010; Nutall 2004 p. 192). Nuvanut has three

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay The Importance of Being Earnest, having being written in the late Victorian period, shows examples of the contemporary societys attitudes to and customs of marriage. These attitudes serve a very important role throughout the play. The problems and trials of marriage provide the basis for this play. Although this theme of the problem of marriage has featured in a number of English authors works, for example Jane Austen, Oscar Wilde adapted the theme in order for his contemporary audience to relate to it, and so the play is quite unique. Act 1 of the play opens with Algernon holding a brief conversation with his servant Lane regarding marriage. We immediately have an insight into Algernons life as a single man; Algernon is more concerned with money and the high life than he is with responsibility and sensibility. He sees that not having a first rate brand of wine, as it was mentioned was the case in marriage, as demoralising. It is not surprising that Algy, later on in Act 1, expresses such cynical views of marriage. Lane touches on the lower classs attitudes towards marriage briefly in this scene. Lane says that he has had very little experience of marriage he explains that he was only married once and that was a misunderstanding between himself and a young person. The humour in this line lies in the point that experience shouldnt normally be measured in the amount of times one is married but the number of years one has lived in a marriage. He also says that it was a misunderstanding, which is intended to be funny, as marriage is an understanding between two persons. We learn more about Algernons views on marriage in his conversation with Jack. Algernon believes that a proposal is business. This is typical of the Victorian gentlemans attitudes towards marriage. The typical view of marriage was that it was more a way to achieve or sustain social status rather than a way of expressing love. Algernon actually believes that marriage puts an end to all romance. He says that girls never marry the men they flirt with. This is an example of one of Oscar Wildes humorous epigrams, what is even more funny is when it is completely contradicted by what Algernon says shortly after: The amount of women in London who flirt with their husbands is perfectly scandalous.

Imported Cars :: essays research papers

Picture yourself in Orange County, California. As you walk on the gravel covered road, you spy a bright neon green Honda Prelude. When you take a close look, you will see all kinds of logos. Pokemon, Honda, Greddy, Mugen, Transformer, TriZone, Kamikaze, Weapon R, Neuspeed, Barely Street Legal, HKS, Xenon, DC Sports, Catz, Nakayama, Venom, Napolex, Tokico, Momo, Honda Sport, and Street Glow are all popular logos you can find anywhere. As you turn a cheek, the sun’s bright beam is reflecting off the shiny chrome wheels. Since it is hurting your eyes, you turn around; right in front of you is a sticker that says â€Å"Greddy Racing Exhaust System†. As your eyes wonder downward, you see the 4.5-inch exhaust tip. You stand up and leave with a huge smile and say, â€Å"That is going to be my car one day†. Stickers are the main characters in import car shows. You can always get stickers of anything and about anything if your car is great, as any import car owner hopes it to be. To have millions of people admire your car as much as you do, your car will need to be unique by using manufacture logos. The manufacture owner then gives you their logos, turbo chargers, leather seats, exhaust systems, and so on. It is obvious that import cars are more for looks then speed. Spoilers are the main item for dressing up the rear of the car. You can always keep the old-fashion manufacture spoiler that came with your car, but the spoiler that really makes heads turn are the custom made ones. Favorites among the custom spoilers are the samurai sword holder and the high wing. The high wing is made for looks and little for speed. The only true owners of the high wing spoilers are Toyota owners. Samurai sword holder spoilers are basically the same as three-piece spoilers. The three-piece spoilers are only for looks because they do not have the aerodynamic figure or slick designs. (Chang 44) Every running car has to have an exhaust system. If you want a lot of speed, you would want a racing exhaust system. A racing exhaust system contains a racing header, a provision pipe with a custom tip. Mini draggers are another approach for looks, sound, and some speed. You can hear a mini dragger from miles away. My mommy always told me â€Å"If you can’t say anything nice then don’t say it all†.

Echr

The Right to Freedom of Expression and Religion This chapter includes two rights: a) the freedom of opinion and expression and b) the freedom of conscience and religion. Although these are two distinctive rights, they are in the same group as they both entail essential conditions for individual personal development. These rights are juxtaposed because freedom of expression is a quintessential aspect of the freedom to hold, practice and share one’s religious beliefs. It is important to note, however, that the freedom of expression is subject to more restrictions than the freedom of religion.A. The right to freedom of opinion and expression The freedom of expression is a right without which other rights are difficult to acquire and defend. The right to freedom of expression is rooted in the 17th century struggle of European legislators for freedom of speech. The world has seen a continuing struggle for the freedom of expression, including the freedom of speech and freedom of the press, often going hand in hand with the endeavour to limit the power of governments.The freedom of expression can be considered an essential aspect of the individual’s defence against government, just as the suppression of the freedom of expression is essential to tyranny. Human rights defenders also rely heavily on this right to challenge government indifference to or infliction of human rights abuses. As freedom of expression is a foundation for religious and political activities, it is often exercised in concert with the right to freedom of thought and assembly. Under present international Conventions, state obligations in relation to freedom of expression are absolute and immediate.At the same time, as with other forms of liberty, completely unrestricted freedom of expression may lead to the infringement on the rights of others. The freedom of expression has been hedged in by a number of limitations and restrictions, often more extensively than other rights. Historicall y, most limitations have dealt with the expression of sentiments contrary to prevailing institutions or religious, political or other beliefs. In addition, in times of war, governments often restrict the freedom of expression in the interest of national security.Like in the US Supreme Court decided in the Schenk vs. United States- case. As a cornerstone of democracy, the complexity and importance of freedom of expression has lead to extensive case-law before national courts and international supervisory mechanisms. Standards International human rights law recognises a spectrum of expression, ranging from those forms that must be protected to those that must be punished. Article 19 of both the UDHR and the ICCPR establish the freedom of opinion and expression.Article 19 UDHR stipulates: ‘everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. ’ The regional Conventions also contain provisions regarding the freedom of expression: Article 10 ECHR, Article 13 ACHR and Article 9 ACHPR. The freedom of expression and opinion is a complex right that includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through any media.The exercise of this right ‘carries with it special duties and responsibilities’ (see Article 19 ICCPR and Article 10 ECHR). Therefore, in general, certain restrictions or limitations on the freedom of expression are permitted under human rights law. Thus, Article 20(2) of the ICCPR requires states parties to prohibit ‘advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. ’ CERD also requires states parties to prohibit certain hostile expressions.Article 19 ICCPR stipulates that these limitations ‘shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: a) for respect of the rights or reputations of others; b) for the protection of national security or public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals’. In addition, Article 10 ECHR explicitly gives the state broad discretion in licensing of the media. In the Inter-American system, the Inter-American Court has dealt with freedom of expression in Advisory Opinion No. 5 on ‘Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism’.A strong correlation between freedom of expression and the right to gain access to information in order to form and express opinions has been recognised in the Inter-American System. In June, 2006, the OAS General Assembly adopted a Resolution that ‘urge[d] the States to respect and promote respect for everyone’s access to public information and to promote the adoption of any necessary legislative or other types of provisions to ensure its recognition and effective application. â€⠄¢ In the African system, the ‘Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa’ was adopted by the African Commission in 2002.It stresses the ‘fundamental importance of freedom of expression as an individual human right, as a cornerstone of democracy and as a means of ensuring respect for all human rights and freedoms’. The Danish Cartoon Controversy What has become known as the Danish cartoon controversy exemplifies the precarious balance between freedom of expression and the repression of expression. In 2006 a Danish newspaper published a series of cartoons depicting the prophet Mohammed as a possible terrorist, in one instance with a bomb in his turban.Many Muslims were outraged because depictions of Mohammed are prohibited in the majority of Muslim communities and likening Muslims to terrorists could incite discrimination and prejudice. Other factions upheld the right of the paper to publish the cartoons as a freedom of expression issue. Th e Danish cartoon incident sparked mass demonstrations throughout the world resulting in death and extensive damage of property in addition to sparking a fiery debate on international law, freedom of expression and permissible limitations of this right. * SupervisionThe freedom of expression is reduced by possible limitations under several international standards mentioned above. Moreover, freedom of expression and its internationally accepted limitations can be distorted by government initiatives through propaganda, control of the media and various other measures aimed at restricting the press, e. g. , licensing requirements, economic measures or restrictions on access to information. The right to freedom of expression has engendered a substantial body of case-law, in which both the right itself as well its limitations have been further defined.Under the auspices of the European system, the European Court has stated that freedom of expression:  Ã‚   [C]onstitutes one of the essent ial foundations of such a (democratic) society, one of the basic working conditions for its progress and for the development of every man. [†¦ ] It is applicable not only to ‘information’ or ‘ideas’ that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb the State or any sector of the population.Such are the demands of that pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no ‘democratic society’ (Handyside v. The United Kingdom). Many cases have been brought before the former European Commission and the Court regarding the freedom of expression; several deal with the rights of journalists to freedom of expression. Case law zoeken!!! In the Chorherr judgment of August 1993 the Court dealt with an application concerning the applicant’s arrest, detention and conviction for breach of the peace after he had refused to stop distributing leaflets and exhibiting placards at a military parade.The Court held that the interfer- ence was â€Å"prescribed by law† and that there were legitimate grounds based on Article 10  §2 (prevention of disorder) for regarding the interfer- ence as â€Å"necessary in a democratic society†. The Court has established that, according to the protection granted by the American Convention, the right to freedom of thought and expression includes ‘not only the right and freedom to express one’s own thoughts, but also the right and freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds’ (Lopez Alvarez et al. . Honduras). On this note the Court has held that the state has a positive obligation to ensure that laws and regulations governing restrictions to access to state-held information comply with the Convention’s parameters and restrictions may only be applied for the reasons allowed by the Convention; this also relates to the decisions on thi s issue adopted by domestic bodies (Claudio Reyes et al. v. Chile). In the African system, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights has addressed the right to freedom of expression in diverse realms.It has, inter alia, found the detention of members of opposition parties and trade unions under legislation outlawing all political opposition during a state of emergency a violation of the freedom of expression; it has found that the failure of a state to investigate attacks against journalists violates their right to express and disseminate information and opinions and also violates the public’s right to receive such information and opinions (Sir Dawda K. Jawara v.The Gambia, Communications 147/95 and 149/96). The Commission has held that state harassment with the aim of disrupting legitimate activities of an organisation that informs and educates people about their rights constitutes a clear violation of the right to freedom of expression. Recognising the impo rtance of freedom of expression, international fora and national governments have sought to promote additional standards to protect particular elements of this right.Several governments have enacted legislation to improve access to information; to provide adequate access to media; to protect employees from reprisals for disclosing illegal activities of their employers; and to provide data protection so that individuals have access to their personal files held by public authorities and to ensure that such information is withheld from all persons not expressly entitled to it. International organisations have addressed the implementation and supervision of the right to freedom of expression by, for instance, appointing experts on the issue.B. The right to freedom of conscience and religion The guarantees of freedom of conscience and religion are closely related to other substantive rights. For instance, the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association are fundamental to ho lding religious beliefs and practising one’s religion. Thoughts and views are intangible before they have been expressed, and convictions are valuable for a person only if he or she can express them. The private freedom of thought and religion is an absolute right that does not permit any limitation.The guarantee of the value of freedom of thought and religion implies that one cannot be subjected to treatment intended to change one’s process of thinking, be forced to express thoughts, to change opinion, or to divulge a religious conviction; thus, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, belief and opinion is closely associated with the right to privacy. No sanction may be imposed for holding any view, or for changing religion or conviction; and the freedom of thought and religion protects against indoctrination by the state.The public aspect of the freedom, the right to manifest one’s belief in worship, observance, practice or teaching, is subject to limitations and defining the meaning of the freedom is complex; for instance, may refusal to serve in the military or pay taxes be justified on grounds of religion? Many states include guarantees for the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief in their constitutional traditions; in laws and regulations provisions are incorporated to prevent and punish interference with legitimate manifestations of religion or belief.Nevertheless, violations of the principles of non-discrimination and tolerance in the area of religion or belief are extensive; millions of people enjoy the freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief only to a limited extent. Most human rights Conventions do not allow governments to impose as many limitations on freedom of religion as on comparable rights such as freedom of assembly and freedom of expression.In the last decades increasing political attention has been given to the freedom of religion, notably in Europe, in the light of rel igious intolerance. 1. STANDARDS One of the first standards for protection against religious intolerance was the founding document of the Republic of the United Netherlands, the Union of Utrecht from 1579, which stipulated that no one will be persecuted because of his religion. With the founding of the United Nations, protection against religious intolerance found its way into modern international standard setting.All regional Conventions contain provisions regarding the freedom of thought and religion: Article 9 ECHR defines the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion in the same words as Article 18 ICCPR. The First Protocol to the ECHR includes a provision ensuring education and teaching in conformity with the parents’ religious and philosophical convictions. Supervision The international supervisory bodies have dealt with a number of communications regarding violations of the freedom of thought and religion.The Human Rights Committee has dealt with several ind ividual communications regarding freedom of thought and religion. For instance, the Committee has found forbidding prisoners wearing a beard and worshipping at religious services and taking away their prayer books a violation of this right. The Committee affirms that: ‘[T]he freedom to manifest religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching encompasses a broad range of acts and that the concept of worship extends to ritual and ceremonial acts giving expression to belief, as well as various practices integral to such acts’ (Boodoo v.Trinidad and Tobago). The Committee has, however, found that requiring a Sikh who wears a turban in daily life to wear a safety-helmet at work does not violate his right to religious freedom (Singh Bhinder v. Canada). Similarly, the European Court of Human Rights held that refusing a Muslim medical student entry into classes and examinations in accordance with a school ban on head scarves upheld the principles of secularism and equality between men and women and was necessary in a democratic society (Leyla Sahin v.Turkey). In recent years the Committee has departed from its previous jurisprudence, stating that conscientious objection to military service can be derived from Article 18 ICCPR (General Comment 22). In this General Comment, the Committee, inter alia, ‘views with concern any tendency to discriminate against any religion or belief for any reasons, including the fact that they are newly established, or represent religious minorities that may be the subject of hostility by a predominant religious community’.The Committee states, inter alia, that Article 18(2) bars coercion that would impair the right to retain one’s religion or belief, including threats of violence and that designated state religions may not serve as justifications of violations of the right to freedom of religion. The ‘Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Ba sed on Religion or Belief’ stipulates that all states must take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief.Within the regional systems several cases regarding freedom of thought and religion have been brought before the supervisory mechanisms. The European Court of Human Rights has decided numerous cases regarding the right to freedom of conscience and religion, many of which have dealt with the freedom of religion in Greece. Article 9 protects non-religious beliefs; the Court has said that the values of the article are the foundation of a democratic society: ‘It is, in its religious dimension, one of the most vital elements that go to make up the identity of believers and their conception of life, but is also a precious asset for theists, agnostics, sceptics and the unconcerned’ (Kokkinakis v. Greece). Further to indoctrination, the Court has made a distinction between ‘improper proseltysm’ and â €˜bearing witness to Christianity’, the former possibly entailing brainwashing or violence (Kokkinakis v. Greece). Finally, in a controversial communication regarding assisted suicide, it was stated that freedom of thought under Article 8, that had hitherto included beliefs such as veganism and pacifism, could be applied to the applicant’s belief in and support for the notion of assisted suicide for herself.This was rejected by the Court as her claims did not involve a form of manifestation of a religion or belief, through worship, teaching, practice or observance as described in the ICCPR (Pretty v. The United Kingdom), citing, inter alia, a case where the European Commission had found that not all acts which are motivated by religion or belief constitute ‘religious practice’ (Arrowsmith v. The United Kingdom).In regard to the right to freedom of conscience and religion under the Inter- American system, the Commission has ruled on a number of cases con cerning Jehovah’s witnesses and legitimate limitations of the right. The Commission has found that prosecuting members of that religion for refusing to swear oaths of allegiance, recognise the state and its symbols and to serve in the military is a violation of the right (Jehovah’s Witnesses v. Argentina (Case 2137)). Case of Plan de Sanchez Massacre v. Guatemala (Series C No. 105)). The African Commission has also dealt with the freedom of religion; it has, for instance, found harassment of Jehovah’s witnesses and religious leaders, assassinations and death threats aimed at them and destruction of religious structures in violation of the right (Free Legal Assistance Group, Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme, Les Temoins de Jehovah v.Zaire, Communications 25/89, 47/90, 56/91, 100/93). It has also stipulated that the expulsion of political activists was denying them, inter alia, the right to freedom of co nscience in violation of Article 8 ACPHR (Amnesty International v. Zambia, Communication 212/98).

Thinking Errors Found and Fixed

The Franklin Reality Model is a modeling technique that works to restructure thinging errors by way of cognitive thinking. Process is a step by step process where as you have a decision to make and you are given a few decisions, you make the one that you think will work, for whatever reason. Step two of this process is deciphering what effects come about from that decision, effectively you will begin to see a ripple effect based upon your choice.This ripple effect can be positive or negative, once again depending upon your choice but the technique gets one to thinking about the simple effects of what seems to be a simple solution until they learn to start thinking ahead about their actions before they act. To live, to love and be loved, to feel important, and variety are the basic components of this model. There are also seven natural laws within this model and they are 1. If the results of your behavior do not meet your needs, there is an incorrect principle on your belief window.2) Results take time to measure. 3) Growth is the process of changing principles on your belief window. 4) If your self-worth is dependent on anything external, you are in big trouble. 5) Addictive behavior is the result of deep and unmet needs (of the four human needs mentioned above). 6) The mind will naturally seek harmony when presented with two opposing principles. 7) When the results of your behavior do meet your needs you experience inner peace. (Franklin Reality Model)In this model we place principles upon our beliefs. For example Saving money is a waste because I’m going to spend it anyway is a belief on a principle. With this thought then you can be assured that you won’t save any money and there will come a time when a repair on a vehicle is needed, or you lose a job and have no money to pay your bills; when this happens then what? This model has been effectively used and has effectively altered people’s way of thinking.Those with behaviorial issues to those with addiction issues have benefitted from this and the developers of this program use it with a high rate of recidivism within the prison systems. This gets to the root of an issue, of a bad thought pattern, how can one ignore this and at least not try. It is an eye opener exercise for everyone. References FRANKLIN REALITY MODEL. AS COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING. 1986. http://www. gwcinc. com/C_Reddick/FranklinRealityModelAsCognitiveRestructuring. htm

Hardness Testing Lab Report Essays

Hardness Testing Lab Report Essays Hardness Testing Lab Report Paper Hardness Testing Lab Report Paper The purpose of the following experiments is to study the hardness of different types of materials, and to understand the significance of this property in materials. The materials and the aforesaid property have significant use in civil engineering. Hardness is defined as a measure oaf materials resistance to localized plastic deformation (i. E. Small dents or scratches). As said above, a variety of metal alloys were used in the experiments to understand how each of these metals is characterized as a hard metal and to compare the hardness of different metal alloys. A study of how the molecular structure and the carbon intent affects the hardness of each metal alloy used is also done during the course of the experiment. Three different tests are used, namely: (i) Vickers Hardness test (ii) Rockwell Hardness test (iii) Brindle Hardness test A further experiment, known as the Chirpy Impact Test is conducted to study the toughness of some specimens of steel. Toughness is the measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture. It has been discovered that the larger the area under a materials stress-strain curve, the tougher it is. : Therefore a more ductile material is tougher. An impact test is used to ascertain the fracture heartsickness of the material, and it merely offers a relative sense of a materials toughness. 2. APPARATUS (i) Vickers Hardness Tester is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 (ii) Rockwell Hardness Tester, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 (iii) Bristles Hardness Tester, as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 (iv) Mild steel specimen (v) Carbon steel specimen (vi) High carbon steel specimen (vii) SAAB steel specimen 3. TESTS 4. 1 VICKERS HARDNESS TEST 4. 2. 1 Experimental Procedure i. This basically means that mild steel is more easily deformed than carbon steel, but it does not fracture as easily as carbon steel. This shows us that each of the materials we tested is used for different purposes because of the variety of properties and characteristics they have. It proves to us how important it is to know the mechanical characteristics of different types of materials in order to put them to the best use.

People versus Persons

People versus Persons People versus Persons People versus Persons By Daniel Scocco Felix asks, â€Å"I was just wondering when it was appropriate to use people as opposed to persons.† There is some confusion regarding the two terms, especially because their meaning and usage suffered a mutation along the centuries. Both derive from Latin, but from different words. Person derives from persona, which refers to an individual. People, on the other hand, derives from populum, and it refers to a group of persons sharing a culture or social environment. Person is a singular form, and its plural is persons. Over the time, however, many writers started to adopt people as the plural form of person, and nowadays it is widely accepted. Notice that legal and very formal texts still use persons as the plural form. One distinction that was proposed was to use persons as long as there was a countable number of individuals (e.g., 67 persons left the school) and people when such a number was large and indefinite (e.g., the people left the stadium quickly). The rule did not catch on, though, and some writers still use people even when there is a definite or small number of individuals. Finally, people can also be used in the plural form (e.g., the peoples of Asia) when it refers to the different cultural groups that live in a certain region. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Use a Dash for Number Ranges40 Words Beginning with "Para-"

Technical Term Paper (Part B) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Technical Term Paper (Part B) - Assignment Example The current network system has security lapses and faces slow response time and occasional downtime. In the process of moving and with the professional input of Wide-IP Company, Fiction Corporation intends to upgrade its system in order to adopt modern and standard network operations and security. The current hardware used in its network system was bought a long time ago and its application is based on the old technology. The network system upgrade will be essential in increasing system reliability, easy and economical maintenance of its components and increased speed of the data transfer process. At an estimated budgetary cost of $425,000 and a time frame of one month, Wide-IP Company will develop logical and physical design that will be useful in configuring Fiction Corporation network system. Project goal Making the correct and appropriate network technology decisions ensures that the organization attains its goals, the morale of the employees is retained, and the cost incurred is tenable with organization’s budgetary plan and financial objectives. In order to ensure that there is smooth transition of organization networking system from one location to the other, the right networking technology plan must be developed and implemented. In most cases, transferring a data center needs a flush cutover of the network system in order to supply remote systems that have access to data before and after migration. Wide-IP intends to develop a number of router configuration changes that would enable data center routers to be easily transferred, one at a time and dismantling the old lines after the installed new data centers are proven. This is essential in providing an uninterrupted user support during the transfer and reducing the ongoing operational risk. Project scope The project of transferring and developing a new networking system for Fiction Corporation will be done by the Wide IP Company that has 10 members who are proficient in system networking. With a budget of approximately $425,000, Wide IP Company will identify the requirements of Fiction Corporation, develop networking systems, establish errors and correct them, and provide and adhere to a detailed project schedule of 30 days. Design requirements User communities and network applications Fiction Corporation, a retail chain needs to move a new headquarter several miles away. Considering the distance and the chain operations, the main challenge is moving all the personnel to the new headquarters and ensuring that the data center supports all call centers and warehouse operations. Whereas the warehouse functions from Monday to Saturday, allowing one day transferring an AS/400 and developing new SNA links, most of the stores will be open for 24 hours, which will be significant in ensuring non interruption transfer of the network system. Basing on the viewpoint of data processing, the migration of network system will include as AS/400, a large UPS, NT PC and Novell servers, and mu ltiple RS/6000 AIX application servers. The network will be made up of 100 servers for call centers and three remote warehouses .These user communities are connected through frame relay that has ISDN backup to three routers located in data center. The three routers will run a common LAN that will be shared by the headquarter staff, call centers, the warehouse and the data center. There is a high possibility for a whole

Benefits of renewable energy in the uae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of renewable energy in the uae - Essay Example This is due to lack of adequate water supply. The developing cities such as Masdar city, in the United Arab Emirates, primarily rely on the renewable energy to fuel its growth activities. The architectural skills employed by the construction industry within the city are sophisticated and classy. It is anticipated that the rest of the UAE will adopt a similar or more sophisticated architectural skill in the future in order to improve the quality of the buildings and maximize the benefits of the residents. UAE comprises one of the major oil exporters worldwide. Oil has been the major economic pillar in the UAE due to substantial revenue streams from oil export. For decades, the UAE economy has been supported by oil, which has negative consequences to the environment (contributing to global warming). It is time the UAE government considered the exploitation of alternative sources of energy, preferably, the renewable sources. Abu Dhabi is the richest amongst the seven countries of the UAE. The region owns 7.4 % of the world’s oil resources, 3.2 % of global confirmed natural gas supplies, and more than 90 % of the UAE’s oil and natural gas (Abu-Hijleh& Al-Amir, 2013). Abu Dhabi’s GDP is more than half of the federal’s total, and it is presently planning to use about 175 billion dollars on economic diversification in the next six years. Because of its oil wealth, the region’s long-term economic strategy depends widely on a combination of industrialization and overseas investments in the hydrocarbon sectors and energy-intensive sectors due to the existence of the vast amounts of oil oil wealth. In principle, with Abu Dhabi’s oil reserves anticipated to last until the century’s end, its diversification efforts, have never involved an entire shift away from oil resources (Sgouridis et al., 2013). The UAE can be described as a rentier economy due to its immense fossil-fuel resources, timid national

Basic Concepts and Theories of Modern Architecture Research Paper

Basic Concepts and Theories of Modern Architecture - Research Paper Example As modern architecture is displayed in society, it is able to create an impact on the philosophies and understanding that is a part of every community. The beginning of modern architecture is one that was initially defined by the Greeks and Plato, with the belief that architecture that influenced or changed visual understanding and impact was considered modern. The most recent definition of modern architecture; however, began in the 1850s with the emergence of the industrial revolution and the movement into World War I. The concept that was used with modern architecture became influenced through the avant-garde movement, which began to create theories based on experimentation and influences through the breaking of boundaries and traditional forms of architecture. The theories that were created from the avant-garde included changes that directly impacted the technical, economic and social understanding through alternative philosophies. Moving outside of the mainstream and expected demands of popular culture then became the basis of modern architecture and the avant-garde movement. The movement was defined specifically by altering, c hanging or disregarding the expectations within architecture and the buildings that were a part of this. Instead, architecture was used as an expression of art and the society that surrounded this (Benevolo, 1977).   The concept of experimentation and the modern architecture that has followed this is further defined by the approach that many architects have used for contemporary methods of buildings.   An important aspect of this is the idea of sophisticated technology.   Combining this with the architecture that it is used for practicality, function, and design has become an important component in architecture.

The effects of corruption on the Nigerian economy

The effects of corruption on the Nigerian economy To evaluate the effects of corruption on the Nigerian economy, we utilise the estimated size of the hidden economy (a proxy for corruption) in effect to Nigerian economy growth, (Salisu, 2006). A MIMIC is a structural econometric model for estimating an equation in which the dependent variable is unobservable (latent). (Frey Weck-Hannemann, 1984) pioneered the use of MIMIC modelling in the context of the hidden economy. Since then, a number of other studies have employed this technique, (Aigner et al. 1986; Schneider 1997; Giles 1997, 1999; Tedds, 1998). It is a powerful technique for estimating the underground economy, as it allows for simultaneous interaction between multiple explanatory variables and multiple indicators of the hidden economy. The latent variable is linked, on the one hand, to a number of observable indicators (reflecting changes in the size of the unreported economy); and on the other hand to a set of observed causal variables, which are considered to be importan t determinants of the unreported economic activity. 4.4 Discussion of Empirical Results for Model Based on the reasoning we try to model the existence and the effect of corruption on Nigerian economy (FDI) based on the model by Johnson and Dahlstrom which depicts the picture of what we applying. The model is based on assumption that the bureaucrat has monopoly in providing government services that the MNE needs in order to operate in the host county,( Dahlstrom and Johnson, 2004): 4.4.1Equation 1 Corruption if: à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ c ( i) No corruption if: à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Where à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ is an agents expected payoff from corruption and c is the expected cost. For corruption to take place à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ c for all involved agents. 4.4.2 Equation 2 Equation two below presents payoff functions for the two types of agents. Payoff for MNE à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡mne = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ( ii) Payoff for bureaucrat à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡off = ÃŽÂ · Where ÃŽÂ ² is the probability that the bureaucrat indeed delivers the government service, à Ã¢â‚¬   signifies the value of that government service for the MNE and ÃŽÂ · signifies the size of the bribe. The payoff of corruption is simply the monetary value an agent can earn by realising the action. For an MNE the payoff of engaging in corruption could for example be the future cash flow connected to a building contract granted by the bureaucrat. For a bureaucrat the payoff of corruption is simply the size of the bribe (Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004). The probability variable ÃŽÂ ² has been discussed by (Shleifer and Vishny ,1993) among others and can be used to distinguish bribes from taxes. As discussed earlier, (Shleifer and Vishny, 1993) distinguish between centralised corruption where a single agent (bureaucrat) collects the bribe. Decentralised corruption implies that several individual bureaucrats can demand bribes. Therefore, even when having paid a bribe there is still a possibility that the MNE does not get access to the government service that it wants. This would force the MNE to pay yet another bribe to get the demanded service. Under a decentralised system of corruption it is more likely that additional bureaucrats would put up demands for bribes. This is one example of how corruption introduces an element of uncertainty for the MNE. For an economy where centralised corruption dominates we would expect ÃŽÂ ² to be close to one while decentralised corruption would imply a smaller value of ÃŽÂ ² (Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004). They went further citing that the cost of corruption for the bribed is normally the punishment that can be imposed on him if he is found guilty, while for the briber it is the expected cost of punishment as well as the size of the bribe that composes the cost. The culture in the host-country can be assumed to influence the willingness of the agents to engage in corrupt practices. In economies where corruption is frowned upon there should, ceteris paribus, exist less corruption than in an economy that accepts corruption. The general cost function shown in equation 3 below tries to take all of the above into account. 4.4.3 Equation 3 The general cost function cj= ((ÃŽÂ ´+ÃŽÂ ±)) p)+ ÃŽÂ · (iii) Where c j is the cost of the j:th bribe with j going from 1 to n, p signifies the perceived risk of being caught, the expected punishment is denoted ÃŽÂ ´, while ÃŽÂ ± represents the social cost of being revealed as engaging in corrupt behaviour and ÃŽÂ · is the monetary value of the bribe. For the bribed ÃŽÂ ·=0 while ÃŽÂ ·>0 for the briber. The social cost of corruption ÃŽÂ ± goes from to infinity where a low value signifies that corrupt behaviour is widely accepted and a high value signify a culture with a strong aversion against corruption. Similar cost components of corruption for the individuals can be found in (Sen,2002,). The risk of being caught is dependent on the effectiveness of the police as well as the legal system. (La Porta et al, 1999) argues that countries having common law are better protected against corruption since the legal system has stronger property rights. But the enforcement of the laws is of equal importance. Triesman, finds that is perhaps not only the use of common law that decreases the amount of corruption but also whether or not a country has been under British rule, thus having had a strong influence on the legal culture not only the legal system. By taking the first derivative of equation 3 with respect to ÃŽÂ ´ we get the sensitivity of punishment. As can be seen the punishment depicted in law is highly dependent on surveillance and enforcement to have a deterrent effect on corruption in a country. Many developing countries have all the laws and regulations demanded from the international society regarding corruption but suffer from a severe lack of enforcement of the l aws. Thus those laws have little effect besides working as cosmetics for an ugly economy in need of aid and trade relations with developed countries (Triesman,1999). 4.5 Social cost of corruption The social cost of corruption may be lower in countries with more hierarchal religions as Islam and Catholicism since it is less accepted to challenge those above you in the hierarchy than in religions such as Protestantism (Triesman, 1999). Furthermore, countries with hierarchical religions tend to have stronger family ties, than countries that practice Protestantism (Triesman, 1999) It can also be the case that in cultures where the distinction between the officials private and official power is less distinct bribery may have lower social costs. All these things tend to affect the social stigma attached to corruption thus increasing or decreasing the cost. According to (Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004) in order to develop the model we have to combine the cost and payoff functions described above in order to determine whether corruption takes place. We have rewritten equation 1 by incorporating equation 2 and 3 resulting in one set of equations for the MNE, Equation 4, and one set for the bureaucrat, Equation 5, below. 4.5.1Equation 4 MNE No corruption if: ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) -ÃŽÂ · Corruption if: ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) -ÃŽÂ ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0 (ii) Expected profit: à Ã¢â€š ¬MNE= ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) -ÃŽÂ · (iii) 4.5.2Equation 5 Bureaucrat No corruption if: ÃŽÂ ·- ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) Corruption if: ÃŽÂ · ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) ÃŽÂ ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0 Expected profit: à Ã¢â€š ¬off = ÃŽÂ ·- ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) (iii) They went further, using 4.i and 5.i to solve for the expected profit of corruption for the MNE yields ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  =2 ÃŽÂ ·. This is only valid if we assume that all of the cost variables ÃŽÂ ´,ÃŽÂ ±, p are identical for both the MNE and the bureaucrat. This is a strong assumption since both the fines as well as the social cost probably are higher for the MNE than for the bureaucrat. If we assume that the value of the bribe, ÃŽÂ ·, is the reservation price for the bureaucrat due to the fact that the MNE has more bargaining power. 4.5.3Equation 6 Equation 6 below show the total monetary value of the bribes paid in an economy. This could be seen as the actual cost for the economy when we disregard the uncertainty of corruption. This uncertainty comes in two shapes, the one of getting caught and the one of fulfilling ones obligation. If the service would have been delivered as a tax service equation 6 would equal the tax cost the MNE would have paid. n Total monetary value of corruption (6) V= ÃŽÂ £v j 1 Where is the monetary value of the j:th bribe with j going from 1 to n, with n being the number of transactions where it may be possible to offer a bribe, vj = ÃŽÂ ·j if both 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ÃŽÂ ² j -((ÃŽÂ ´ j + ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j) ÃŽÂ · j -(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j for all other cases vj=0 . In a developing economy n can be assumed to be higher under decentralised corruption than under centralised corruption since there are probably a greater number of different bureaucrats that demand bribes in the former case than in the latter. 4.5.4 Equation 7 Equation 7 below gives an account for the total cost of corruption that MNEs experience in a country. Here we include the cost of uncertainty unlike equation 6. n Total corruption cost for the MNE (7) CMNE = ÃŽÂ £ c j 1 Where cj is the expected cost of the j:th bribe with cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j )+ ÃŽÂ ·j if both 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ² j à Ã¢â‚¬  j ((ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j ) ÃŽÂ ·j and 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ÃŽÂ ·j(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j . If 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ² j à Ã¢â‚¬  j ((ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j ) ÃŽÂ ·j but 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ÃŽÂ ·j(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j then cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j ) but for all other cases cj=0 Cost of corruption for the MNE IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡off à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ c off then official chooses corruption IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ off then official chooses no corruption IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ CMNE then MNE chooses corruption cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j )+ ÃŽÂ ·j cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ MNE then MNE chooses no corruption 0 0 (Source: Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004) It is evident from the above equations 6 and 7 that, i.e. the actual cost of corruption for the MNE is greater than just the size of the bribe thus it would have been less costly for the MNE to invest in a country where the services would have been supplied as a tax service. Further corruption as opposed to a tax does not benefit the government but the individual bureaucrat. The tax income could, if used efficiently by the government, promote growth of direct investment through increasing the stock of human capital or improving market economy institutions. This tax income could also be used to combat corruption through the legal system or by raising the salaries of the government officials. But for taxes to be less damaging than corruption this does not have to be the case. The only necessary condition is that there is less uncertainty involved. Furthermore, companies seldom have the choice whether to pay tax or not so the corruption cost will be something that has to be paid in addition to taxes, ( Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004). 4. 6 Effect of the host country corruption from the analysis The resulting effect of host-country corruption is that the actual cost of conducting business activities in the country is higher than what could be expected based on observable costs such as wages or transport costs. Based on this reasoning, corruption gives rise to extra costs that the MNE has to operate in the host-economy. If MNE presence does reduce corruption while corruption has a negative effect on FDI there might exist virtuous or vicious circles. If there is little FDI in a country the corruption stays high which discourages the MNE to invest, thus decreasing the FDI. Here we have a vicious circle but the opposite is also possible. If an MNE invests in a country the corruption decreases this further improves the incentives for future investments. If one also assumes that both FDI and low corruption encourages growth the country who finds itself in a virtuous circle will have a much higher probability of development than one that finds itself in a vicious circle. We now proceed to try to develop an expression that describes the effect of host country bureaucratic corruption on FDI inflows. We start by introducing a profit function for the MNE: à Ã¢â€š ¬(à Ã‚ ,w,ņ¹)= max { à Ã‚ y c(w,y, CMNE ) where p indicates the world market price of the output y of the MNE, w is the cost of production factors and CMNE represents the MNE cost of corruption as earlier Use of the expression py implies that demand for the good in the host country is too small to have an effect on the price that the MNE receives for its output. This assumption is most suitable for an export-platform type of FDI as described in (Ekholm et al, 2003) where the MNE production in the host-country is exported to third country markets. This type of FDI is most likely to appear in developing economies where small domestic markets exclude market-seeking motivated FDI but with low labour costs. This implies that the profit function is most suitable for MNEs that operate in developing economies. It might be argued that the MNE only starts production in the host country if the expected profit from doing so is larger than some minimum level of profits: E(à Ã¢â€š ¬)=[ E(p)E(y) -c(E(w),E (y),E(CMNE ))] à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ E(à Ã¢â€š ¬) where à Ã¢â€š ¬ is the minimum profit necessary for entry. Therefore, a rise in CMNE, the costs caused by corruption, should decrease the amount of FDI inflows that a host-country receives. It is also possible that MNEs that are already established in the host country decide to close down facilities if the costs of corruption become too high. (Cuervo-Cazurra , 2006) Although corruption has a negative impact on FDI because of the additional uncertainty and costs, such costs vary depending on the country of origin of the FDI. With respect to this topic, more FDI is gotten from OECD countries which are the rationale behind a corrupt country like Nigeria decreasing the quantity of its inward FDI because of the costs which the foreign MNC will have to incur to establish business in Nigeria. So therefore results show that the relationship between corruption and FDI is modified by the country of origin of the FDI.